唐代粟特人华化问题述论 - (EPUB全文下载)

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摘要
唐代入华粟特人在文化礼俗、宗教信仰、聚落形态、政治入仕、职业取向等方面都有独特表现，但基本上都是在唐朝华化礼俗背景下展开，以华化为主体，胡化、蕃化（突厥化）相伴共生。入华粟特人以国为姓，即为华化的开始。一方面华化在加深，胡名三字化、汉译雅化以及道家教义的呈现，体现的仍是华化的主流趋势，比如新旧《唐书》安金藏葬母营坟记载里的“犬鹿相狎”，就与祆教葬仪无关，而是汉文化标榜孝道虚构出来的灵异天象；另一方面，胡族文化特征也以不同方式保留下来，比如吐鲁番文书中的粟特胡名，就有中亚和印度的祆、佛宗教因子。汉地的康、安等姓，族源多般，如无明显的九姓胡特征，势难断其为粟特人后裔。除姓氏外，粟特人的华化还表现在乐舞制度的传承、区划内属、职官入仕以及婚丧礼俗方面。华化进程并非一帆风顺，突厥化的冲波逆折就体现了历史发展的艰曲。安禄山、史思明作为东北突粟共生的杂种胡，身被胡、蕃礼俗，虽熟谙汉俗，却无华心，蓄谋图叛，以致盛唐中衰。胡蕃联军骁勇之因由，与安粟特军团的柘羯募兵制有关，突厥化粟特人兼具商武二元特性，以至突厥化聚落中的九姓胡习染蕃俗以后，生活方式亦由善商贾向善骑射转化。安禄山采纳此种招募方法，结合宗教、部落组织等方式组建胡蕃柘羯军团，此过程与突厥化粟特人的归心、离叛、聚落问题紧密相关。
Abstract
Sogdians’ characteristics in Tang China were reflected in cultural etiquette and custom，religious belief，settlements，political post and occupations，with sinicization the main part and Western hu
and Türk the sub-cultures. Sogdians’s sinification began with taking their kingdom names as the person names when entering into China. On the one hand，the form of 3-character，refined hu
names and the name reflecting the Taoist doctrine constitute the main-stream trend of sinicization. For instance，the scene of a dog trifling with and a deer recorded in Tang Shu，which has nothing to do with the Zoroastrism funeral ritual but relates to Han people’s auspicious sign. On the other hand，hu
features were well-preserved in various forms，taking Sogdians names of Turfan documents for example，we’ve found the Zoroastrianism and buddhist elements of central Asia and India. Nine hu
names like Kang and An have several sources. If he/she who has no hu
traits，we can not infer that they are Sogdians’ posterity. But the pan-Sogdians’ problems were made more complicated because many Sogdians laid a false claim to they came from noble families. The passage Anappended is on the race of Yuan zhen’s concubine，which is a good example to illustrate the subject by reduction to absurdity. Besides the names，Sogdians’ sinification manifests in dancer official，the attribution of western border region as well as the marriage and funeral. The sailing was not always smooth. Turco-Sogdians’ rebellion made the road tortuous. As hybrid hu
of north-east China，An Lushan and Shi Siming cultivated from childhood the customs and habits of Turks. An Lushan adopted vigorous measures to organize a Hu-Fan
allied forces of his own in all sorts of ways. The corps’ bravery related to the mercenary system Sogdian “Che-chieh” army of Sogdiana. Such system made Sogdians attach importance to trade and profits but not political power to a great extent. An Lus ............

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