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FORMER PEOPLE
The Final Days of the Russian Aristocracy
DOUGLAS SMITH
FARRAR, STRAUS AND GIROUX
New York
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TO EMMA AND ANDREW
There is no more Russian nobility. There is no more Russian aristocracy…A future historian will describe in precise detail how this class died. You will read this account, and you will experience madness and horror…
—The Red Newspaper
(Petrograd),
No. 10, January 14, 1922
Contents
Note on Dates and Spelling
Principal Figures
Family Trees
Maps
Prologue
Part I: Before the Deluge
1. Russia, 1900
2. The Sheremetevs
3. The Golitsyns
4. The Last Dance
Part II: 1917
5. The Fall of the Romanovs
6. A Country of Mutinous Slaves
7. The Bolshevik Coup
Part III: Civil War
8. Expropriating the Expropriators
9. The Corner House
10. Spa Town Hell
11. Bogoroditsk
12. Dr. Golitsyn
13. Exodus
Part IV: NEP
14. School of Life
15. Noble Remains
16. The Fox-Trot Affair
17. Virtue in Rags
Part V: Stalin’s Russia
18. The Great Break
19. The Death of Parnassus
20. Outcasts
21. The Mouse, the Kerosene, and the Match
22. Anna’s Fortune
23. Happy Times
24. Poisonous Snakes and the Avenging Sword: Operation Former People
25. The Great Terror
26. War: The End
Epilogue
Note on Sources
Notes
Bibliography
Acknowledgments
Index
Preview: RASPUTIN
Note on Dates and Spelling
Before February 1918, Russia followed the Julian (Old Style) calendar that in the twentieth century was thirteen days behind the Gregorian (New Style) calendar used in the West. In January, the Bolshevik government decreed that Russia would adopt the Gregorian calendar at the end of the month; thus January 31, 1918, was followed the next day by February 14. I have chosen to give Old Style dates for events in Russia before January 31, 1918, and New Style after that; wherever there is a chance for any confusion, I have added the notations “O.S.” or “N.S.” A number of documents used in Former People
are impossible to date with precision since some Russians continued to use the Julian calendar for years after 1918, and it is not always possible to know which system of dating has been used.
There is no universal standard for transliterating Russian names into English ............

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