抢占奥运 - (TXT全文下载)

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正文棒球和垒球的历史

Chapter 53-History of Baseball & Softball-棒球和垒球的历史
Baseball, 棒球运动的历史悠久，在人类文明的早期，就有以棒击球的游戏。现代棒球运动起源于美国，世界上第一次棒球比赛是1839年在美国纽约州举行的，1845Softball, 垒球运动是由棒球运动演变而来，其比赛方法、运动员职责等与棒球基本相同，只是球场、球、棒和投手投球技术等方面略有不同。
年由亚历山大•卡特赖特(Alexander Cartwright)制定了第一部竞赛规则，规定了至今仍沿用的场地形状和尺寸。卡特赖特也因此被后人称为“棒球之父”。此后棒球日益发展为世界性的体育项目之一。
Baseball is a game played with a hard ball and a bat between two teams of nine players each. Baseball has become the national pastime of the United States, vying in popularity with basketball and American football. It is played throughout the world by people of all ages. Baseball is one of the oldest and most popular spectator sports. The game as it is known today developed during the early 1800s among children and amateur players. Today, professional baseball attracts millions of spectators to ballparks each year and entertains millions more through radio and television broadcasts. Although it is clear that modern baseball developed in North America, the exact origin of the game is difficult to determine. Most scholars believe that baseball evolved from a variety of similar games that have been played for centuries. A popular legend claims that Abner Doubleday, a Union officer during the American Civil War, invented baseball in Cooperstown, New York, in 1839. But there is little support for this story. There is evidence that people played games involving a stick and a ball from the early days of civilization. Ancient cultures in Persia, Egypt, and Greece played stick-and-ball games for recreation and as part of certain ceremonies. Games of this type had spread throughout Europe by the Middle Ages (5th century to 15th century) and became popular in a variety of forms. Europeans brought stick-and-ball games to the American colonies as early as the 1600s. Until the late 1700s, however, they were widely considered to be children's games. By the early 1800s, a variety of stick-and-ball games had become popular in North America. Most of these games originated in England. Many people in northeastern cities such as Boston, New York, and Philadelphia played cricket, a traditional game of English aristocrats. But an English game called Rounders, which was eventually played in rural and urban communities throughout North America, most closely resembled modern baseball.
棒球是各有9名队员的两队，使用球棒和球，进行比赛的运动。棒球作为美国的“国球”，同篮球和橄榄球一样，在美国极为盛行。在世界其它地方，棒球也深受不同年龄人们的喜爱。它是世界上最古老也最吸引人的运动。我们今天所知道的棒球运动，是从19世纪初的一种儿童和民间游戏发展演变而来的。今天，职业棒球比赛吸引了成千 ............

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