胡适英文论著：中国哲学史 - (EPUB全文下载)

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目录
Confucianism
Religion and Philosophy in Chinese History
Development of Zen Buddhism in China
Types of Cultural Response
The Indianization of China: A Case Study in Cultural Borrowing
Historical Foundations for a Democratic China
The Exchange of Ideas Between the Occident and the Orient: A Case Study in Cultural Diffusion
India Our Great Teacher
The Natural Law in the Chinese Tradition
Ch’an (Zen) Buddhism in China: Its History and Method
Authority and Freedom in the Ancient Asian World
Yung Wing: One Hundred Years After His Graduation
The Scientific Spirit and Method in Chinese Philosophy
An Appeal for a Systematic Search in Japan for Long-Hidden T’ang Dynasty Source-Materials of the Early History of Zen Buddhism
Social Changes and Science
Confucianism
Edwin R. A. Seligman, ed., Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences.
New York: Macmillan Co, 1931. Vol. 4. pp. 198-200.
C
onfucianism. This term, invented by European writers, covers roughly what is implied in the Chinese word ju-kiao
(the teaching of the ju
). Confucius (Kiung Tzu 551-479 B.C.) was one of the paid public teachers (ju
), more or less similar to the sophists of ancient Greece, who were common in China during the sixth and fifth centuries B.C. He spent many years of his life as a public official, was a historian of importance and did his great work as a teacher. Not a philosopher in the ordinary technical sense, he was concerned with drawing up a set of rules for human conduct rather than with the elaboration of theories.
In later times because of the tremendous influence of the school of Confucius the name ju
came to be used to denote his followers as distinguished from Taoists and Buddhists. And ju-kiao
became synonymous with the religion of the Confucianists of all ages, including the teaching of Confucius and his early followers as well as the later developments.
Confucius although under the influence of sixth century naturalism was historically minded and a cautious thinker and found it difficult to discard all traditional values. His philosophy was a compromise. Whereas Lao Tzu’s naturalism was radically nihilistic, denying God and knowledge, Confucius taught agnosticism, worshipping the gods and spirits “as if they were present.” Lao Tzu condemned government, advocating laissez faire
; Confucius opposed only “bad” government and tried to formulate correct principles of governing. Whereas Lao Tzu condemned civilization and knowledge as leading to evildoing, Confucius exalted ............

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